氣缸的技術參數(shù)
1)氣缸的輸出力 氣缸理論輸出力的設計計算與液壓缸類似,可參見液壓缸的設計計 算.如雙作用單活塞桿氣缸推力計算如下: 理論推力(活塞桿伸出) Ft1=A1p (13-1) 理論拉力(活塞桿縮回) Ft2=A2p 式中 (13-2) Ft1,Ft2——氣缸理論輸出力(N) ; A1,A2——無桿腔,有桿腔活塞面積(m2) ; p — 氣缸工作壓力(Pa) . 實際中, 由于活塞等運動部件的慣性力以及密封等部分的摩擦力, 活塞桿的實際輸出力 小于理論推力,稱這個推力為氣缸的實際輸出力.
氣缸的效率 η 是氣缸的實際推力和理論推力的比值,即 F η= Ft (13-3) 所以 F = η ( A1 p ) 氣缸的效率取決于密封的種類,氣缸內表面和活塞桿加工的狀態(tài)及潤滑狀態(tài).此外,氣 缸的運動速度,排氣腔壓力,外載荷狀況及管道狀態(tài)等都會對效率產生一定的影響.
2) 負載率β 從對氣缸運行特性的研究可知, 要精確確定氣缸的實際輸出力是困難的. 于是在研究氣缸性能和確定氣缸的出力時,常用到負載率的概念.氣缸的負載率β定義為 β= 氣缸的實際負載 F × 100 % 氣缸的理論輸出力 Ft (l3-5) 氣缸的實際負載是由實際工況所決定的,若確定了氣缸負載率 θ,則由定義就能確定氣 缸的理論輸出力,從而可以計算氣缸的缸徑. 對于阻性負載,如氣缸用作氣動夾具,負載不產生慣性力,一般選取負載率β為 0.8; 對于慣性負載,如氣缸用來推送工件,負載將產生慣性力,負載率β的取值如下 β<0.65 當氣缸低速運動,v <100 mm/s 時; β<0.5 當氣缸中速運動,v=100～500 mm/s 時; β<0.35 當氣缸高速運動,v >500 mm/s 時.
3)氣缸耗氣量 氣缸的耗氣量是活塞每分鐘移動的容積,稱這個容積為壓縮空氣耗氣 量,一般情況下,氣缸的耗氣量是指自由空氣耗氣量. 4)氣缸的特性 氣缸的特性分為靜態(tài)特性和動態(tài)特性.氣缸的靜態(tài)特性是指與缸的輸 出力及耗氣量密切相關的zui低工作壓力,zui高工作壓力,摩擦阻力等參數(shù).氣缸的動態(tài)特性 是指在氣缸運動過程中氣缸兩腔內空氣壓力,溫度,活塞速度,位移等參數(shù)隨時間的變化情 況.它能真實地反映氣缸的工作性能. 四,氣缸的選型及計算 1.氣缸的選型步驟 氣缸的選型應根據(jù)工作要求和條件, 正確選擇氣缸的類型. 下面以單活塞桿雙作用缸為 例介紹氣缸的選型步驟. (1)氣缸缸徑.根據(jù)氣缸負載力的大小來確定氣缸的輸出力,由此計算出氣缸的缸徑. (2)氣缸的行程.氣缸的行程與使用的場合和機構的行程有關,但一般不選用滿行程. (3)氣缸的強度和穩(wěn)定性計算 (4)氣缸的安裝形式.氣缸的安裝形式根據(jù)安裝位置和使用目的等因素決定.一般情況 下,采用固定式氣缸.在需要隨工作機構連續(xù)回轉時(如車床,磨床等) ,應選用回轉氣缸. 在活塞桿除直線運動外,還需作圓弧擺動時,則選用軸銷式氣缸.有特殊要求時,應選用相 應的特種氣缸. (5)氣缸的緩沖裝置.根據(jù)活塞的速度決定是否應采用緩沖裝置. (6)磁性開關.當氣動系統(tǒng)采用電氣控制方式時,可選用帶磁性開關的氣缸. (7)其它要求.如氣缸工作在有灰塵等惡劣環(huán)境下,需在活塞桿伸出端安裝防塵罩. 要求無污染時需選用無給油或無油潤滑氣缸. 2.氣缸直徑計算 氣缸直徑的設計計算需根據(jù)其負載大小,運行速度和系統(tǒng)工作壓力來決定.首先,根據(jù) 氣缸安裝及驅動負載的實際工況,分析計算出氣缸軸向實際負載 F,再由氣缸平均運行速度 來選定氣缸的負載率 θ,初步選定氣缸工作壓力(一般為 0.4 MPa～0.6 MPa) ,再由 F/θ, 計算出氣缸理論出力 Ft, zui后計算出缸徑及桿徑, 并按標準圓整得到實際所需的缸徑和桿徑. 例題 氣缸推動工件在水平導軌上運動.已知工件等運動件質量為 m=250 kg,工件與 導軌間的摩擦系數(shù) =0.25,氣缸行程 s 為 400 mm,經 1.5 s 時間工件運動到位,系統(tǒng) 工作壓力 p = 0.4 MPa,試選定氣缸直徑. 解:氣缸實際軸向負載 F = mg =0.25 × 250 × 9.81=613.13 N 氣缸平均速度 s 400 v= = ≈ 267 mm/s t 1.5 選定負載率 θ =0.5 則氣缸理論輸出力 F1 = F 雙作用氣缸理論推力 θ = 613.13 = 1226.6 N 0.5 1 F1 = πD 2 p 4 氣缸直徑 按標準選定氣缸缸徑為 63 mm. D= 4 Ft 4 ×1226.3 = ≈ 62.48 mm πp 3.14 × 0.4

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